Cost-containment in health care: The case of Spain from the eighties up to 1997

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of health care expenditure in Spain during the period 1980-1997, and henceforth to comment on the cost containment measures put forward to control its growth. The paper is divided into three separate sections. The first offers a brief description of the Spanish Health Care System, with emphasis placed on the issue of expenditure control and health planning targets. The second part outlines a set of cost containment measures that has accompanied the process of extending universal health care coverage which occurred during the mentioned period and which has helped keep public expenditure under control. Finally, the third part describes some of the more recent proposals for reform of the Spanish Health Care Sector.Cost containment, health care, the spanish NHS, health economics

Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) three decades of research

Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) three decades of research.— During the last 30 years, studies on Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) have addressed various aspects related to food sources, photosynthetic efficiency of kleptoplasts, population genetics, chemical ecology and reproductive biology, both in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon. E. timida shows a strong specific interaction with Acetabularia acetabulum, retaining functional chloroplasts for at least 45 days and obtaining extra energy in periods when food resources are scarce. It shows control of parapodia, avoiding pigment photodestruction under oversaturated light conditions. The chemical ecological relationships established between E. timida and its potential predator fish, Thalassoma pavo, have also been evaluated, and it has been found that that the extracts of the mollusc contain repellent and unpalatable polypropionate compounds. Population genetics has demonstrated the genetic divergence between populations showing high and significant values of FST and genetic distances, and at least six privative alleles that are not shared with Mediterranean populations have been detected in lagoon populations. This sacoglossan is a poecilogonic species, and its lagoon populations show a greater reproductive output than Mediterranean populations; they produce a greater number of egg masses and embyros per individual, and the capsules have a wider diameter

Floristic survey of epixylic Bryophytes of an area remnant of the Atlantic forest (Timbaúba - PE, Brazil) : 1., Hepaticopsida (except Lejeuneaceae) and Bryopsida

A survey of the epixylic bryoflora of a remaining Atlantic forest (seasonal coastal deciduous forest), Engenho Água Azul, in the municipality of Timbaúba ( Lat 7° 35S; Long. 35° 20W ), State of Pernambuco, Brazil, registered 35 species of bryophytes distributed in 11 families of Bryopsida: Calymperaceae, Pilotrichaceae, Fissidentaceae, Hookeriaceae, Hypnaceae, Leucobryaceae, Leucomiaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Plagiotheciaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Thuidiaceae, and 5 of Hepaticopsida: Aneuraceae, Frullaniaceae, Geocalycaceae, Plagiochilaceae and Radulaceae. New records northeastern of Brazil are: Frullania caroliniana Sullivant, F. gymnotis Nees & Mont., Ochrobryum stenophyllum Besch., Plagiochila trigonifolia Steph., Radula macrostachya Linbenb. & Gott., Riccardia digitiloba (Spruce ex Steph.) Hell, Thuidium tomentosum Schimp. ex Besch. and Trichosteleum pusillum (Hornsch.) Jaeg. There is an indication of the description, illustration, and geographic distribution for Brazil of all taxons found.En este trabajo se presenta el catálogo de la flora briofítica epífita de la selva tropical oceánica Engenho Agua Azul, situada en el municipio de Timbaúba (Lat. 7º 35S; Long. 35º 20O), perteneciente al estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se registraron 35 especies de briófitos distribuidas en 11 familias de la clase Bryopsida: Calymperaceae, Pilotrichaceae, Fissidentaceae, Hookeriaceae, Hypnaceae, Leucobryaceae, Leucomiaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Plagiotheciaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Thuidiaceae y 5 de la clase Hepaticopsida: Aneuracee, Frullaniaceae, Geocalycaceae, Plagiochilaceae y Radulaceae. Se aportan nuevas citas para la región nordeste del Brasil - Frullania caroliniana Sullivant, F. gymnotis Nees & Mont., Ochrobryum stenophyllumBesch., Plagiochila trigonifoliaSteph., Radula macrostachya Linbenb. & Gott., Riccardia digitiloba(Spruce ex Steph.) Hell, Thuidium tomentosum Schimp. ex Besch. yTrichosteleum pusillum (Horsnch.) Jaeg. Se presenta una descripción y una ilustración de cada taxon y se comenta su distribución geográfica

Sceloporus jalapae

Number of Pages: 5Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Diet composition of fish species from the southern continental shelf of Colombia

The diet composition of 30 fish species belonging to 16 families from the Pacific Coast of Colombia is described. Benthic crustaceans (37.5%) and bony fishes (23.7%, chiefly demersal) were the most important food items for the fish species analyzed. Data on diet composition of the fish species are presented for the first time which can be a source of information for trophic modeling

Terracotta Pipes with Triangular Engravings

The discovery of two smoking pipes from seventeenth-century contexts in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is used to suggest the presence in colonial times of a new set of stylistic norms derived from African traditions that are expressed at a regional scale not only in smoking pipes, but in a variety of items of material culture. These terracotta pipes, recovered at Bolívar 373 and the Liniers House sites, are characterized by their particular geometric decorative pattern, achieved by engravings and incisions. Similar specimens were found elsewhere inBuenos Aires, as well as in Cayastá (province of Santa Fe,Argentina) and Brazil.Fil: Zorzi, Flavia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas ; ArgentinaFil: Schavelzon Chavin, Daniel Gaston. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas ; Argentin

Las revistas científicas españolas de ciencias de la salud en 1993.

An analysis about spanish scientific journals in health sciences in 1993 is presented

New records of interesting xenophytes in the Iberian Peninsula

New records of interesting xenophytes in the Iberian Peninsula. Botanical inventories in various parts of Spain mainly between 2005 and 2007 yielded numerous chorological novelties.Cyperus prolifer is probably reported for the first time in Europe. Chenopodium simplex, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria violascens, Eragrostis frankii, Ipomoea x leucantha, Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Melinis repens subsp. repens, Oenothera indecora subsp. indecora, Panicum philadelphicum subsp. gattingeri and Solanum americanum are probably recorded for the first time from Spain. Crassula campestris is first cited from Portugal. New provincial records include: Abutilon grandifolium (Barcelona), Amaranthus palmeri (Lérida), Amelichloa caudata (Valencia), Anoda cristata (Huelva), Arctotheca calendula (Gerona), Asparagus setaceus (Huelva), Bidens subalternans (Huelva), Cardiospermum halicacabum (Alicante), Cenchrus incertus (Cádiz), Cestrum parqui (Barcelona), Cyperus esculentus (Huelva), Datura ferox (Huelva), Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus (Lérida, Sevilla), Eragrostis mexicana subsp.virescens (Huelva), Eragrostis pectinacea (Huelva), Galinsoga quadriradiata (Huelva), Hydrocotyle bonariensis (Huelva), Leptochloa uninervia (Granada, Huesca), Oenothera oehlkersi (Gerona), Rumex cristatus (Gerona), Senna obtusifolia (Huelva), Setaria faberi (Huelva), S. parviflora (Huelva), Solanum elaegnifolium (Alicante), S. linnaeanum (Granada), S. physalifolium (Huelva) and Verbena litoralis var. brevibracteata (Huelva). Previous Andalusian records of Galenia secunda turned out to be in error for G. pubescens. A large majority of the cited taxa is of American origin.Nuevas citas de xenófitos interesantes en la Península Ibérica. Diferentes campañas de herborizaciones en España entre los años 2005 -2007, han propiciado el descubrimiento de diferentes novedades corológicas para su flora. Se cita como novedad para Europa Cyperus prolifer. Son probablemente nuevas citas para España Chenopodium simplex, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria violascens, Eragrostis frankii, Ipomoea x leucantha, Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Melinis repens subsp. repens, Oenothera indecora subsp. indecora, Panicum philadelphicum subsp. gattingeri y Solanum americanum. Se cita como novedad por el Portugal Crassula campestris. Se incluyen como novedades provinciales: Abutilon grandifolium (Barcelona), Amaranthus palmeri (Lérida), Amelichloa caudata (Valencia), Anoda cristata (Huelva), Arctotheca calendula (Gerona), Asparagus setaceus (Huelva), Bidens subalternans (Huelva), Cardiospermum halicacabum (Alicante), Cenchrus incertus (Cádiz), Cestrum parqui (Barcelona),Cyperus esculentus (Huelva), Datura ferox (Huelva), Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus (Lérida, Sevilla), Eragrostis mexicana subsp. virescens (Huelva), Eragrostis pectinacea (Huelva), Galinsoga quadriradiata (Huelva), Hydrocotyle bonariensis (Huelva), Leptochloa uninervia (Granada, Huesca), Oenothera oehlkersi (Gerona), Rumex cristatus (Gerona), Senna obtusifolia (Huelva), Setaria faberi (Huelva), S. parviflora (Huelva), Solanum elaegnifolium (Alicante), S. linnaeanum (Granada), S.physalifolium (Huelva) y Verbena litoralis var. brevibracteata (Huelva). Se actualiza la nomenclatura en Andalucía de las citas previas del taxón Galenia secunda, que se cambia por Galenia pubescens, su nombre correcto. Una gran mayoría de los taxones citados son de origen americano

Lista de encabezamientos de materia de la Red de Bibliotecas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)

El Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) es el organismo público de investigación más importante de España por su volumen de recursos y actividades. Su quehacer científico se caracteriza por la multidisciplinariedad. La lista de encabezamientos de materia de la Red de Bibliotecas del CSIC pretende dar respuesta a los usuarios presentando cada vez nuevas ediciones mejoradas y aumentadas